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Q&A: COVID-19 pandemic poses risk of recession

A Q&A with Alessandro Rebucci, PhD. on the financial impact of COVID-19.

Information about hiring international students

In order to build for what’s next in the global economy, companies need the best talent available. Opening your jobs and internships to international students will significantly broaden your pool of highly skilled talent.

Obtaining permission for international students to work in the U.S. is not as difficult as many employers think. Most international students are in the U.S. on non-immigrant student visas (F-1), and these international students are eligible to accept employment under certain conditions. Johns Hopkins Carey Business School has many STEM designated programs as well, allowing students who meet certain criteria to work in the U.S. for an extended time period.

Myths and facts

Myth: It's expensive to hire an international student.
Fact: False. Hiring through the OPT program costs the same as hiring a U.S. citizen. In fact, you may save money; most international students are exempt from Social Security (FICA) and Medicare tax requirements.

Myth: It's time-consuming and a lot of paperwork to hire an international student.
Fact: False. No additional work is required of the employer. All you must do is provide an offer letter, just as you would for a domestic job applicant.

Myth: I will need to sponsor their visa.
Fact: False. International students with STEM-designated degrees are eligible to work in the US for up to three years post-graduation on their F-1 visas through OPT (Optional Practical Training).

FAQs

: No. Federal regulations permit the employment of international students on F-1 and J-1 visas within certain limits. These visas allow students to work in jobs related to their major field of study. F-1 students can work on “practical training.” J-1 students may work on “academic training.”

: No. The only cost to the employer hiring international students is the time and effort to interview and select the best candidate for the job. The international student office handles the paperwork involved in securing the work authorization for F-1 and J-1 students. In fact, a company may save money by hiring international students because the majority of them are exempt from Social Security (FICA) and Medicare tax requirements.

: F-1 students are eligible for CPT before completing their studies, as well as an additional 12 months of OPT, either before or following graduation, or a combination of the two. However, if they work full-time for one year or more of CPT, they are not eligible for OPT. Students with a J-1 visa are usually eligible to work up to 18 months following graduation. They may also be eligible to work part-time during their program of study. Staff in the International Student Office on campus will evaluate each student’s situation to determine the length of time for which they are eligible to work.

: No. International students must have the work authorization before they begin actual employment, but not before they are offered employment. In fact, J-1 students applying for academic training and F-1 students applying for CPT must have a written job offer in order to apply for the work authorization. Many F-1 students will be in the process of obtaining work authorization pursuant to the requirements of OPT while they are interviewing for employment. Students can give employers a reasonable estimate of when they expect to receive work authorization.

: For OPT, F-1 students receive an Employment Authorization Document, a small photo identity card that indicates the dates for which they are permitted to work. from BCIS. For CPT, F-1 students receive authorization from the school (NOT from BCIS) on page three of the student’s I-20. “No service endorsement is necessary” –per 8CFR 274a.12 (b) (6) (iii). J-1 students receive work authorization in the form of a letter issued by the RO or ARO at their institution.

With a bit of planning ahead, an employer can hire international students to continue to work for them in the H-1B visa category for a total of six years (authorization is granted in two three-year periods). The H-1B is a temporary working visa for workers in a “specialty occupation.” The application procedure to the BCIS is straightforward. The job must meet two basic requirements:

The salary must meet the prevailing wage as defined by the Department of Labor.
A bachelor’s degree is a minimum normal requirement for the position.

: No. American employers are not required to document that a citizen of another country did not take a job from a qualified U.S. citizen if the non-U.S. citizen is working under a F-1, J-1 or H-1B visa. Employers must document that they did not turn down a qualified American applicant for the position only when they wish to hire foreign citizens on a permanent basis and sponsor them for a permanent resident status (green card).

: Normally, if the internship involves no form of compensation and is truly voluntary, the students may volunteer without having to do any paperwork with the BCIS. If, however, the internship provides a stipend or any compensation, students must obtain permission for practical training or academic training prior to starting their internship. Student should check with their employers to ensure that the company is allowed by law to offer unpaid internships.

Unless exempted by a tax treaty, F-1 and J-1 students earning income under practical training are subject to applicable federal, state, and local income taxes. Information on tax treaties may be found in IRS Publication 519, U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens, and 901, U.S. Tax Treaties.

Generally, F-1 and J-1 students are exempted from social security and Medicare tax requirements. However, if F-1 and J-1 students are considered “resident aliens” for income tax purposes, social security and Medicare taxes should be withheld. Chapter 1 of IRS Publication 519, U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens explains how to determine the residency status of international students.

More information on social security and Medicare taxes can be found in Chapter 8 of IRS Publication 519, U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens and in Section 940 of Social Security Administration Publication No. 65-008, Social Security Handbook.

For your reference: code of federal regulations

The Code of Federal Regulations Title 8 and Title 22 citation numbers for regulations governing practical training are as follows:

F-1 students: 8CFR 214.2 (f) (9) & (10)
J-1 students: 22CFR 62.23 (f)

CFR Title 8 citations governing IRCA requirements are:

F-1 students: 8CFR 27 4a. 12(b) (6) (iii) and 8CFR 274a. 12(c) (3) (i)
J-1 students: 8CFR 27 4a. 12 (b) (11)

Copies of the Code of Federal Regulations are available from the Superintendent of Documents in Washington DC or from the website: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index/html

The original unmodified document was published in 2000 with a grant from NAFSA: Association of International Educators Region XII. 2004 revision by Laurie Cox, University of Southern California, and Co-Chair of SCICC (Southern California International Careers Consortium); coeditors: Lay Tuan Tan, California State University Fullerton, and SCICC Board member and Phil Hofer, University of La Verne.

Internship U.S. work authorization

Students studying in the U.S. in F-1 status may be authorized through CPT to work off-campus, in jobs or internships related to their course of study, during their academic program. These candidates are eligible to work and collect compensation. Hiring a student on F-1 status requires minimal considerations on the part of the employer. Employers need only provide an offer letter containing certain criteria on company letterhead to the student.

After graduation U.S. work authorization

International student graduates can be authorized to work in the U.S. for 12 months through OPT. There are no considerations or expenses on the part of the employer to hire someone through OPT.

Eligible graduates who have completed at STEM designated degree (full-time MBA, MS Information Systems, MS Finance, MS Business Analytics Risk Management) are eligible for an extended OPT period, under certain conditions.

For information on the STEM extension.

Practical training and F-1 students

Practical training is a legal means by which F-1 students can obtain employment in areas related to their academic field of study. Students, in general, must have completed one academic year (approximately nine months) in F-1 status and must maintain their F-1 status to be eligible for practical training. There are two types of practical training:

Optional Practical Training (OPT)
Curricular Practical Training (CPT)

Optional practical training

Optional Practical Training must be authorized by the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services based on a recommendation from the designated school official in the International Student Office of the school which issued the form I-20, a government document which verifies the student’s admission to that institution. The term “optional” means that students can opt to use all or part of their total practical training allotment of a maximum of 12 months. OPT can be authorized by the BCIS, and generally students can work 12 months of practical training after completing their program of study. It should be noted that for BCIS purposes, students working anything more than 20 hours/week will be considered full-time. Students who have received OPT permission will be issued an Employment Authorization Document by the BCIS. Their name, photo and valid dates of employment are printed on the EAD. Employers should note that average processing time for BCIS to issue the EAD is two or three months, and students may begin employment only after they receive the EAD which will indicate the starting and ending dates of employment.

Curricular practical training

Curricular Practical Training may be authorized by the institution (not by BCIS) for F-1 students participating in curricular-related employment such as cooperative education, alternate work/study, practicum, and internship programs. This work experience must be deemed an integral part of an established curriculum in the student’s course of study. Authorization is written on page three of the I-20 student copy and will include the name of the company, address and zip code, beginning and ending date, and signature of the designated school official in the International Student Office. Since each institution has different policies related to curricular-related employment, students should speak to the DSO at their institution. Processing time for the authorization of CPT varies at each institution. Employers should check with the student’s institution for an approximate turnaround time.

Minimal paperwork for the employer

There is little paperwork for an employer who hires F-1 or J-1 students. All paperwork is handled by the students, the school, and the BCIS. For CPT, the school will make a notation on the students’ copy of the I-20 form indicating that CPT has been authorized and specifying the duration and place of employment. Students authorized for OPT are required to apply to BCIS (through the International Student Office of the school) for an Employment Authorization Document.

Continuing employment after the practical/academic training period

Federal regulations require that employment terminates at the conclusion of the authorized practical or academic training. However, students on an F-1 visa, or students on a J-1 visa who are not subject to a two-year home residency requirement, may continue to be employed, if they receive approval for a change in visa category-usually to H-1B. Students must have a minimum of a bachelor’s degree in order to qualify for H-1B status.

Individuals may work in the U.S. for a maximum of six years under an H-1 B visa. This visa is valid only for employment with the company that petitioned for them. They must re-apply to the BCIS if they wish to change employers. As soon as the initial job offer is made, they should petition for an H-1B visa if employment is likely to extend beyond the practical training period.

Concentration of larger builders means less new or affordable housing

Luis Quintero’s research findings hold important implications for U.S. policymakers who are committed to addressing housing shortages and increasing affordable housing.

Master of Science in Information Systems and Artificial Intelligence for Business (part-time)

two students sharing a laptop no the top of the building with the capital in the background.

Description

The STEM-designated Master of Science in Information Systems program places you at the nexus of business, technology, and human behavior to find breakthrough business strategies. Students of all technical levels leverage the art and science of information systems for transformative organizational impact.

Next Steps Title

Next steps

Hybrid

Part-time

30 credits

2 year

3 in-person residencies

Full-time option available

Financial Aid & Scholarships

From scholarships to financial aid to payment plans, Carey Business School offers a variety of choices.

Program features

Hybrid format

The flexible format allows you to complete the program with both online courses and three required in-person residencies.

Technical framework

Master AI and machine learning to stay ahead in the fast-changing digital landscape. Gain the tools needed to lead innovation, drive organizational success, and elevate your career in the global marketplace.

AI foundations

Design effective human-AI collaboration strategies and build frameworks that deliver real-world, AI-driven solutions. Graduate prepared to lead ethical and responsible AI deployment across industries.

Cutting-edge skills in AI

Bridge technology and business with a comprehensive curriculum focused on cloud computing, machine learning, deep learning, generative AI, and real-world business applications.

At Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, our MBA and specialized Master of Science programs are designed for students to advance business skills and thrive in the rapidly changing global market.

Curriculum

The part-time Master of Science in Information Systems and Artificial Intelligence for Business curriculum blends AI-driven technology, business strategy, and human behavior. Designed for today's evolving industries, the program covers topic like machine learning and generative AI, and their real-world applications. Graduate with the technical skills and strategic insight to lead innovation and stand out in a competitive global market.

"My degree from Carey has profoundly influenced my career, equipping me with a strategic blend of technical and leadership skills that are essential in today’s AI-driven landscape."

Tianli Xu '23,
Research Technology Lead, Johns Hopkins Carey Business School

University catalog

The latest edition of the Carey Business School University Catalog is available.

Artificial intelligence and information systems are transforming the way we live and work, driving innovation across every industry. As technology evolves at a rapid pace, businesses need forward-thinking leaders with the expertise to harness AI's potential and identify opportunities for greater business value.

The part-time Master of Science in Information Systems and Artificial Intelligence for Business program will equip you to lead AI-driven IT initiatives, ensuring security, strategic advantages, and long-term success in an increasingly digital world.

Required courses (16 credits):

Business foundations (6 credits)

BU.120.601 Business Communication
BU.131.601 Business Leadership and Human Values
BU.510.601 Statistical Analysis

Functional core (10 credits)

BU.520.710 AI Essential for Business
BU.330.705 Cyber Networks: Securing the Digital Frontier
BU.350.620 Digital Transformation of Business
BU.330.740 Large Scale Computing on the Cloud
BU.330.775 Machine Learning: Design and Deployment

Electives (14 credits)

Choose seven courses from the following:

BU.520.750 AI-Driven Sequential Decision Making
BU.210.620 Accounting and Financial Reporting
BU.520.620 Advanced Business Analytics
BU.330.785 Advanced Database Management
BU.330.750 AI Development and Business Applications
BU.520.601 Business Analytics
BU.610.705 Crisis Management
BU.330.730 Cybersecurity
BU.510.650 Data Analytics
BU.330.780 Data Science and Business Intelligence
BU.520.650 Data Visualization
BU.330.770 Database Management with SQL
BU.300.700 Developing Internet Systems and Services
BU.330.760 Generative AI
BU.883.702 Health Information Technology
BU.330.765 Human-AI Fusion for Business
BU.350.700 Introduction to Programming with Java
BU.300.62 Managing Complex Projects
BU.410.620 Marketing Management
BU.680.620 Operations Management
BU.510.615 Python for Data Analysis
BU.330.735 Responsible AI
BU.610.615 Simulation for Business Applications
BU.450.765 Social Media Analytics
Carey elective of choice

Residencies are held during the spring and fall semesters in Washington, D.C. You can explore Carey’s Washington, D.C. location through our virtual tour. The residencies include:

Digital Transformation of Business: September 2025 (Second week of Fall I)
AI Essentials for Business: March 2026 (First week of Spring II)
Business Communication: Fall 2026 (Dates TBD)

Program Comparison

Part-time MS in Information Systems and Artificial Intelligence for Business

Hybrid format, 2 years, online and in Washington, D.C.
Working professionals, upskilling, pivoting mid-career
Emphasis on machine learning, AI, and data science
Three in-person residencies

Part-time MS in Business Analytics and Artificial Intelligence for Business

Fully online, 2 years
Working professionals, upskilling, pivoting mid-career
Specialized knowledge in technology and artificial intelligence
Quantitative and leadership skills

Signature experiences

Your business education doesn’t end in the classroom. Step out of your comfort zone as you partner with students across Johns Hopkins and businesses to take your learning to the next level.

Case Competitions

Student Startup Challenge

Impact Sprints

Throughout your program and beyond, Carey career and leadership coaches and employer relations industry specialists provide you with the support, resources, and opportunities you need to achieve your unique career goals.

Whether you're looking to advance in consulting, finance, management, operations, or logistics, this program equips you with the skills and leadership tools necessary to succeed. Graduates of this program will be well-prepared for a variety of roles, including:

Titles (sample)

Data Analyst
Data Scientist
Business Analyst
Business Operations Analyst
IT/AI Consultant
Financial Analyst
Full-stack Developer
Software Developer
Machine Learning Engineer
AI Product Manager
Business Intelligence Developer
AI Solution Architect
AI/Machine Learning Operations Engineer

Learn more about Career & Life Design

Attend an event

Carey Business School hosts various virtual admissions events for prospective students to meet with members of our admissions team. With virtual visits, informational online sessions, and regional and international events, the Carey team is ready to answer questions and support your business school journey.

View Upcoming Live Webinars

Connect with a Carey student or alum

Our students come from all over the world and represent all of the different graduate business programs we have here at Carey. Connect with one of them directly to learn more about life at Carey.

MIINT Impact Investing Program

MBA Impact Investing Network and Training

Are you ready to think like an impact investor?

MIINT image: 3 students sitting comfortably in a lounge area at Carey business school with laptop on a small table discussing

MIINT is a rigorous program that offers a variety of training modules and online resources for students to gain exposure to the world of impact investing.

Carey students have the opportunity to audit the MIINT program and take part in asynchronous and live workshops on impact investing, investment strategy, sourcing early-stage investments, conducting due diligence, and assessing terms and structures of investments.

The MIINT program provides valuable benefits for business students and innovative, mission-driven companies.

“With only a small understanding of investments, my team was able to gain hands-on experience while developing our thesis by reaching out to different organizations and individuals. Industry mentors provided us with guidance throughout the experience and trained our group in specific topics like biases in investing. It was great to learn and create plans to mitigate those biases and learn so much about impact investing.”

Rhianna Taniguchi, MBA ‘23

MIINT Impact Investing Program

The program runs from mid-October through March, and Carey students can audit the online program.
Participate in asynchronous impact investing training modules throughout the year, with the opportunity to join the live workshops.
Communicate and learn from each other through online trainings, discussions, and network-wide calls.
Build a network with business students from the top business schools across the country.
Carey supports the student registration fee; contact Carey_Partnerships@jh.edu for more information.

Master of Science in Real Estate and Infrastructure (part-time)

Baltimore Harbor from a distance at dusk with the lights just turning on

Description

Johns Hopkins Master’s in Real Estate and Infrastructure courses are taken within a true business school. Learn alongside students and faculty of different industries and backgrounds with like business mindsets, through the Edward St. John Real Estate Program. Build multidisciplinary skills that will help you thrive in and out of real estate, regardless of market conditions.

Interior Description

Johns Hopkins Carey Business School’s part-time Master of Science in Real Estate and Infrastructure program has been a leader in real estate education for more than 20 years. The flexible format provides working professionals with the option of remote live, synchronous courses to continue to maintain your career. Our innovative curriculum delivers additional flexibility in selecting courses for a customized focus on specific real estate topics including health care real estate, contemporary issues in the industry, and negotiation.

Next Steps Title

Take the next step

Online

Part-time

30 credits

2 years

Full-time option available

Financial Aid & Scholarships

There are numerous options for financing your education including scholarships, loans, and payment plans available to those who qualify.

Program Features

Networking opportunities

Leverage the power of our alumni network and forge meaningful, lasting connections with real estate professionals who bring deep industry experience and a shared commitment to helping you grow, lead, and build for what’s next®.

Flexible format

The fully online, flexible format allows you to complete the program while continuing your personal and professional obligations. Create a schedule that works for you and customize your electives to align with your career goals.

Edward St. John Real Estate Program

This program is made possible by the generous support of Edward St. John, a real estate visionary committed to shaping the future of the built environment. Learn fresh, innovative approaches to real estate development.

Relevant, practical, and applicable

Gain insights from expert faculty and adjunct practitioners who are leaders and innovators that bring real-world expertise directly into the classroom.

: Real Estate and Infrastructure New York City Trek
Carey students, faculty, and staff from the Real Estate and Infrastructure program traveled to New York City in January 2024 for the Real Estate and Infrastructure annual experiential learning trek. The trip included visits to 3 World Trade Center, the New York Stock Exchange, and W.P. Carey for tours of the facilities. Read more
“The New York City trip helped overcome the main challenge of being a part-time, remote student–connecting with other students, faculty, and staff. It was an added bonus to discuss things like electives. I left the trip feeling more connected to the school, faculty, and staff, with an even greater sense of pride in the program. The trip was well-organized, and I’m thankful for the opportunity to participate.”
– Bentley Sam '25, Manager, Real Estate at Norfolk Southern
LEARN MORE ABOUT THE CAREY STUDENT EXPERIENCE

Collect, read, and analyze real estate data
Understand zoning regulations and anticipate changes to land use laws
Understand pertinent mega-trends and engage at the frontiers of real estate
Influence the direction of development
Build your personal and professional real estate network

38% female / 63% male
3.24 average undergraduate GPA
8.3 average years of full-time work experience
1 country represented
30 average age

With help from faculty experts, a curriculum focused on functional skills, and a hands-on learning experience, Chris Agorsor (Real Estate and Infrastructure ’17) was able to directly apply his skills from Carey to position his company to take on $2 billion in funds. Hear how the Real Estate and Infrastructure program prepared him.

Curriculum

For over 30 years, the Edward St. John Real Estate Program at Johns Hopkins Carey Business School has featured a powerful combination of research-focused faculty members and practitioners who are leading experts in their fields. The part-time Real Estate and Infrastructure program features an in-person residency of your choice to gain hands-on experience and networking opportunities with your peers, Johns Hopkins alumni, and experts in the industry.

University catalog

The latest edition of the Carey Business School University Catalog is available.

The part-time Master of Science in Real Estate and Infrastructure program is built on the pillars of data, decision-making, policy, and community. These foundations empower real estate professionals and entrepreneurs across all career stages. Whether you're deepening your expertise or transitioning from a related field, this program prepares you to anticipate market shifts, influence policy, and make a meaningful impact on the communities you serve. Stay ahead of the industry with a forward-looking curriculum that explores the key trends shaping real estate today. The part-time program prepares future leaders and change-makers to drive what comes next.

Those trends include:

Affordable housing
Sustainability in real estate (green building, zero carbon, zero emissions)
Climate resilience
Financing (private equity, crowdfunding)
Data (accessibility)
Participatory governance
Tax and regulation (regulatory changes to close loopholes)

Curriculum features:

Core real estate classes and future-focused real estate electives
Capstone project to apply classroom knowledge to real-world challenges
Case studies in partnership with the Johns Hopkins alumni community, including companies like Fannie Mae, Angelo Gordon, and Hillwood Properties
Experiential learning courses featuring a part-time internship with a local or national real estate firm

Fast Track Certifications:

Argus
CCIM
LEED
WELL
Appraisal Institute